Legal issue: the constitutionality of the contested provisions, so long as they enable classifying a non-commercial organization (NGO) as a “foreign agent” in extra-judicial procedure  and allow the imposition of unjust and disproportionate sanctions on NGO’s officials in case of their refusal to apply for being included into a special register of foreign agents. 

 

Ratio decidendi:  in the opinion of the Court, any attempts to find negative connotations in the phrase “foreign agent” are based on the stereotypes of the Soviet period which have already lost their significance in current realities and have no constitutional legal grounds. The organisation which is regarded as a foreign agent is not deprived of the possibility to participate in political activity in the territory of the Russian Federation, and therefore is not discriminated against as compared with HGOs, not having foreign financing. At the same time, any objective difficulties in estimation of the nature of the activity of an HGO which if financed from foreign sources must be resolved on the basis of the presumption that its activity is lawful and in good faith. The burden of proof as to the necessity of inclusion of an HGO into the register of foreign agents is placed upon the respective bodies of the State.  As for the sanctions for the failure to submit an application for such inclusion, their  gravity may be reduced by a court below the lowest level provided by legislation.